Kỹ Thuật Tiện Gỗ Trong Sản Xuất Đồ Gỗ Mỹ Nghệ

Kỹ thuật tiện gỗ là một trong những công đoạn quan trọng nhất trong sản xuất đồ gỗ mỹ nghệ, đặc biệt với các sản phẩm có hình khối tròn xoay như lục bình, trum – phú quý, ống cắm bút, chân bàn ghế hay các chi tiết trang trí dạng trụ. Với vai trò là kỹ thuật viên trực tiếp vận hành và gia công, tôi nhận thấy tiện gỗ không chỉ đòi hỏi tay nghề mà còn yêu cầu sự hiểu biết sâu về vật liệu, máy móc và quy trình để tạo ra sản phẩm đạt độ chính xác cao, thẩm mỹ tốt và bền vững theo thời gian.

Trước tiên, yếu tố nền tảng của tiện gỗ nằm ở tính chất của từng loại gỗ. Các dòng gỗ tự nhiên như trắc, hương, cẩm, gõ đỏ hay óc chó đều có độ cứng, độ thớ và mật độ khác nhau. Gỗ cứng như trắc hay hương đòi hỏi mũi tiện sắc, góc cắt đúng chuẩn để tránh cháy gỗ, mẻ gỗ hoặc rung vỗ. Ngược lại, gỗ mềm hơn như sưa, sồi hoặc xoan lại dễ tạo phoi nhưng lại dễ sồ mặt nếu tốc độ cắt quá nhanh. Việc nắm rõ đặc tính vật liệu giúp người thợ thiết lập thông số máy chính xác hơn, từ tốc độ quay, tốc độ tiến dao đến áp lực khi cắt.

Về máy tiện, hiện nay phổ biến nhất là hai dòng: máy tiện cơ và máy tiện CNC. Máy tiện cơ vẫn được ưa chuộng trong xưởng mỹ nghệ truyền thống vì linh hoạt và cho phép người thợ “đi dao cảm giác”, tạo ra những đường cong mềm mại mang tính thủ công. Máy tiện CNC lại phù hợp sản xuất hàng loạt, đảm bảo độ chính xác và tính đồng nhất cao. Khi vận hành máy, kỹ thuật viên phải kiểm tra độ đồng tâm, độ cứng của bệ gá, độ bén của mũi dao cũng như đảm bảo trục chính quay ổn định, không bị rung lắc. Chỉ cần một sai lệch nhỏ, sản phẩm có thể bị lệch tâm hoặc cháy cạnh.

Trong quy trình tiện, định hình phôi là bước quan trọng đầu tiên. Phôi gỗ được lựa chọn phải khô đạt tiêu chuẩn, không nứt, không mắt chết và có chiều dài vừa đủ để gá lên hai đầu máy. Sau đó thợ tiện tiến hành “phá thô” để đưa phôi về dạng trụ. Ở giai đoạn này, tốc độ cắt trung bình và dao phá thô được ưu tiên để loại bỏ nhanh phần gỗ thừa. Tiếp theo là công đoạn “tiện tinh”, nơi sản phẩm được tạo hình chính xác theo biên dạng thiết kế. Đây là bước đòi hỏi tay nghề cao nhất, vì người thợ cần điều khiển dao với độ mượt, đều và ổn định để các đường cong nối nhau tự nhiên, không bị gãy khúc hay xước mặt.

Sau tiện tinh là chà nhám, bước quyết định độ mịn và độ bóng của sản phẩm. Chà nhám cần thực hiện theo thứ tự từ nhám thô đến nhám mịn (80 – 120 – 240 – 400 – 600…). Trong suốt quá trình, người thợ phải kiểm soát nhiệt độ tiếp xúc để tránh cháy mặt gỗ, đặc biệt với các loại gỗ dầu hoặc gỗ có mật độ cao. Khi bề mặt đạt độ mượt như yêu cầu, sản phẩm sẽ được đưa sang công đoạn hoàn thiện bề mặt như sơn PU, dầu lau hoặc đánh bóng tự nhiên tùy mục đích sử dụng.

Kỹ thuật tiện gỗ tuy là công đoạn cơ bản trong sản xuất mỹ nghệ nhưng lại mang tính quyết định đối với hình dáng và giá trị của sản phẩm. Một sản phẩm tiện đẹp không chỉ đòi hỏi máy móc tốt mà còn cần tay nghề, kinh nghiệm và sự tỉ mỉ của người thợ. Với xu hướng hiện đại hóa, kết hợp giữa kỹ thuật truyền thống và ứng dụng CNC đang giúp ngành gỗ mỹ nghệ Việt Nam tạo ra nhiều sản phẩm đạt chuẩn cao, thẩm mỹ tinh xảo và phù hợp thị hiếu trong nước lẫn xuất khẩu.

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